草榴社区

As an Augustinian institution of higher education, 草榴社区 is one of the custodians of Gregor Mendel鈥檚 legacy. The accomplishments of this 19th century Augustinian friar, teacher, scientist, and mathematician have helped shape the world鈥檚 collective understanding of genes, crossbreeding, and heredity. He is the namesake of the state-of-the-art Mendel Science Center on campus where his legacy is celebrated daily by students who study there. His work remains a vital part of contemporary study of the natural and physical sciences at the University. Indeed, the scientific, moral, and ethical ramifications of Mendel鈥檚 discovery continue through the discoveries of the DNA double helix by Watson and Crick and the Human Genome Project, which was completed in 2003 and successfully identified all the genes that make up human DNA.

The Rise of Lysenkoism

The 1950s marked the rise of 鈥淟ysenkoism,鈥� which was an assault on the work of Mendel. Named after the Soviet agricultural minister Trofim Lysenko, Lysenkoism held that science was to be guided by ideology, not by the most likely theories, which were backed by appropriately controlled experiments. It propounded the idea that all living things, including humans, when given the proper environment, could be turned into whatever society needed them to become, irrespective of their genetic limitations. Science was to be in the service of the state, that is, in the service of Communist ideology. When Lysenkoism became official Soviet policy, many Russian and eastern bloc scientists who held to Mendelian genetics were either forced to recant their errors or be dismissed from their positions. Those who didn鈥檛 were sent to the gulags or simply disappeared. Mendel, too, in the symbol of his statue, was removed from his prominent position in Mendelplatz and relegated to the gulag of a remote corner of St. Thomas monastery. It was only when Lysenkoism was discredited after the fall of Khrushchev in 1964 that scientists were able to convince the Communist government to move the statue to a more prominent place in one of the monastery鈥檚 courtyards, where it remains today.

A Custodian of the Mendelian Legacy

草榴社区 is also home to Mendel鈥檚 paper, 鈥淰ersuche 眉ber Pflanzen-Hybriden鈥� (Experiments in Plant Hybridization) published in the 1866 Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Br眉nn. This historic document was presented to Falvey Library by the Augustinians of the Province of Saint Thomas of 草榴社区 in 1999. It is the cornerstone of the Mendeliana Collection and as such has been digitized for inclusion in the 草榴社区 Digital Library.

Also in the 草榴社区 collection is a microscope believed to have been used by Mendel, from the Vienna workshop belonging to Simon Pl枚ssl (1794-1868). It is 10.25 inches high and on its base is the signature, Pl枚ssl in Wein, (Pl枚ssl in Vienna). The Pl枚ssl microscope was discovered in the 草榴社区 Collection, although it is not known when or how it found its way to the University. Pl枚ssl instruments are uncommon in the United States collections and not often found in European collections outside the German-language areas. Based upon the design features and style, circa 1860 is suggested as the date for this microscope. Because of its origin and date of manufacture, it is believed that Mendel might have used this microscope.

The Establishment of the Mendel Medal

Finally, and most importantly, 草榴社区 established in 1928 the Mendel Medal Award to recognize the scientific accomplishments and religious conviction of outstanding scientists. The Mendel Medal was first awarded in 1929 and given annually until 1943. Between 1946 and 1968, the Medal was awarded eight times. Unfortunately, after 1968, a twenty-five year hiatus ensued until the Mendel Medal was reestablished in 1993 to confirm its original purpose of honoring the achievements and memory of Gregor Mendel as well as the work of an outstanding contemporary scientist.

Fr. Joseph Dougherty (1896-1955), dean of the science division of the College and a Ph.D. in biology, was instrumental in the establishment of the Mendel Medal. An authority on the Mendelian laws of heredity, Fr. Dougherty lectured widely on Mendelian theories, and worked tirelessly to build the College鈥檚 pre-medical program. In 1929, he was involved in renaming the rebuilt College Hall, the main administrative and classroom building which had been destroyed by fire, as Mendel Hall (now Tolentine Hall). It remained the major science building on campus until the Mendel Science Center was constructed in 1960.

The University archives contain a letter from Fr. Dougherty to Mr. Jennings Hood, a Philadelphia jeweler, about engaging a sculptor to design the Medal. In regard to the College undertaking the project during a period of hardship, Fr. Dougherty wrote:

鈥Σ萘裆缜� has absolutely no endowment except the lives of the men who have consecrated themselves to Catholic education in the Augustinian Order; moreover, at the present time we are laboring under serious financial difficulties incident to our disastrous fire of last year鈥�I wish you would begin working up this medal as soon as possible.

The list of Mendel Medal recipients comprises august names such as the paleontologist and theologian Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Abb茅 Georges Lemaitre, originator of the theory of the expanding universe, and the 1936 Nobel Laureate in chemistry, Dr. Petrus Debye. Since its reestablishment in 1993 as an annual award, its recipients have included five additional Nobel Laureates: Dr. Philip A. Sharpe, 1992 Nobel Laureate in medicine, Dr. Peter C. Doherty, 1996 Nobel Laureate in medicine; Dr. Charles H. Townes, 1964 Nobel Laureate in physicsDr. Ahmed Zewail, the 1999 Nobel Laureate in chemistry; and Dr. Brian K. Kobilka, 2012 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry.  Other recipients have included Dr. Victor A. McKusick, Founder President of the Human Genome Organization, Dr. Michael E. DeBakey, Physician-Surgeon; Chancellor Emeritus, Baylor College of Medicine; Dr. Francis S. Collins, Director, National Center for Human Genome Research; Dr. Janet Rowley, Blum-Riese Distinguished Service Professor, Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago; Dr. Maxine F. Singer, President, Carnegie Institution of Washington, DC; Dr. Ruth Patrick, Professor, Francis Boyer Chris of Limnology of the Academy of Natural Sciences; Dr. Robert G. Webster, the Rose Marie Thomas Chair, St. Jude Children鈥檚 Research Hospital; Dr. Kenneth R. Miller, Professor of Biology, Brown University; Dr. George V. Coyne, S.J., Director Emeritus, the Vatican Observatory, W. Ian Lipkin, MD, John Snow Professor of Epidemiology, Columbia University; Anthony S. Fauci, MD, Director of the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health; and Olufunmilayo Olopade, MD, Walter L. Palmer Distinguished Service Professor of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago.

It is important to note that the Mendel Medal was inaugurated in a time of social ferment, during which some religious people perceived Darwin鈥檚 theory of evolution as undermining traditional values. In stipulating that the Mendel Medal was to be awarded to "outstanding scientists who have鈥�given practical demonstration of the fact that between true science and true religion there is no real conflict," 草榴社区 affirmed and continues to affirm the sacred connections between science and religion, using as its emblem the great Augustinian scientist Fr. Gregor Mendel.